Ethnicity and religion promote economic development in the country by generating national pride in the country's accomplishments. It turns out that you can try a strategy called devolution, and if you do it right, and carefully, through a federal system, you can keep your country whole. Nigeria has pursued decentralization progressively since independence in the 1960s and is now in the Fourth Republic. It can also lead to the fragmentation of the state and the weakening of national identity. Get unlimited access to over 88,000 lessons. In devolution, the central governing power still retains the ability to revoke or cancel the individual region's sovereignty and power. Keep reading to learn more about the causes for devolution in Nigeria, the effects, and more. Here are a few examples of Balkanization: Yugoslavia: The breakup of Yugoslavia in the 1990s is often cited as an example of Balkanization. The 1998 Belfast Agreement (also known as the Good Friday Agreement) granted Northern Ireland its own parliament, restoring the political autonomy it had lost when direct rule from London was imposed in the 1970s. Ethnic tensions between the different groups within Yugoslavia, as well as the influence of external actors, contributed to the breakup of the state and the creation of several independent countries, including Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, and Slovenia. the transfer or delegation of power to a lower level, especially by central government to local or regional administration. Widely seen as massively corrupt, this republic was overthrown by the military under General I.B. Social issues due to different languages, cultures, or religions can lead to devolution. Define both terms and give a geographic example for each, B. Create your account. Another example of devolution is Spain. You will need to know the forces that may lead to the devolution of states including physical geography, ethnic separatism, economic, and spatial factors. The movement is driven by a desire to protect Scottish culture and traditions, and to give the people of Scotland more control over their own affairs. She and her parents often fight about curfews, how often she cleans her room, and even her use of the air conditioning. This type of dispute is still evident today in the Horn of Africa. As the size and responsibilities of subnational governments grew, however, most mayors objected to the centralization of power, known as the tutelle (supervision). These regions want the power to control their own affairs in a way that makes sense to them. Devolution has been moderately successful in Spain, Belgium, Nigeria, Canada, and the UK, though still rife with tension. Throughout history, there has been a tendency for governments to centralize power. Think about a family who lives in a five bedroom house. Conversely, unitary states are characterized by a strong central government. All Rights Reserved 2021 Theme: Prefer by. Canada has numerous examples of devolution within its asymmetric federal system. If you chose religion as a centripetal force, you might talk about Hinduism in . Failed examples included Sudan, the USSR, and Yugoslavia. W~Xz~8:r/{*Ym3CV@b8h* 4Gaso!X{\(YLMP$'HR$pm@xaisY9ikOApn~ERp@&_ws4MLp_ZcO'v:L$5|)TdX & gtf. PDF AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHY Scoring Guidelines - College Board Nigeria's Fourth Republic has stood since then, with multiple peaceful transfers of power from administration to administration. Economic Devolutionary Forces Ethnocultural Devolutionary Movements 3a. regional, state, or local governments). Some of the key factors that can shape the devolutionary process include: Political context: The political context, including the balance of power between different levels of government and the broader political landscape, can have a significant impact on the devolutionary process. The ultimate review guides for AP subjects to help you plan and structure your prep. These areas have some local autonomy because the physical barriers make it difficult for a central government to rule. Historical and cultural factors: The history and culture of a region or locality can also play a role in shaping the devolutionary process. Devolution became a major political issue in the United Kingdom beginning in the early 1970s. DOC Europe 1: Supranationalism and Devolution - University of Missouri-St What system of government does Nigeria use? Despite subsidies, the development gap is growing. Centripetal forces unify a state by providing stability and creating solidarity. An example of devolution would be the British government transferring powers to Scotland in 1999. England has still. But what are those forces at play and how do central governments deal with those forces to keep the peace in their country? What natural resource has been the most conflictive in Nigeria? Devolution DEFINITION: The process whereby regions within a state demand and gain political strength and growing autonomy at the expense of the central government BALKANIZATION vs. DEVOLUTION Balkanization usually results in a new independent State. That is the case of the Scots in Great Britain. The Scottish people have a very different cultural heritage than the English. Sudan: The breakup of Sudan in 2011 is another example of Balkanization. The Black Sea peninsula with its predominantly ethnic Russian population became a part of Ukraine in 1954, when both Russia and Ukraine were part of the Soviet Union. Sudan was a multi-ethnic state that was composed of several regions with distinct cultural and linguistic identities. @XOZ? #^X %K9/XvnP }KjaT%]gFN3IeZ9,)~m[a Gsv$i]qwI{-IR)} TA?S$kQrjPk copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. The Western Region, already dissolving from infighting, was not happy about this. Many smaller regions desire to break away from their central governing body to become their own sovereign nation. Quebec: Quebec is an autonomous region in eastern Canada with its own parliament, government, and language. Set individual study goals and earn points reaching them. Metes & Bounds System in Real Estate | Metes & Bounds Survey Examples & Legal Description, Political Science 102: American Government, GED Social Studies: Civics & Government, US History, Economics, Geography & World, Effective Communication in the Workplace: Certificate Program, Effective Communication in the Workplace: Help and Review, NY Regents Exam - US History and Government: Help and Review, NY Regents Exam - US History and Government: Tutoring Solution, UExcel Political Science: Study Guide & Test Prep, Introduction to Political Science: Certificate Program, Introduction to Anthropology: Certificate Program, Introduction to Criminal Justice: Certificate Program, Introduction to Political Science: Help and Review, Introduction to Political Science: Tutoring Solution, UExcel Introduction to Sociology: Study Guide & Test Prep, Create an account to start this course today. His strength is in educational content writing and technology in the classroom, Erin has taught English and History. Devolution is the decentralization of power from a central government to regional governments to allow ethnic nations and other groups a degree of autonomy; this can ease tensions and guard against regions seceding and forming their own countries, as Biafra did in Nigeria. Quebec has a high degree of self-governance and is responsible for matters such as education, health care, and cultural affairs within its borders. The civil wars within former Yugoslavia have cost thousands of lives and destroyed an infrastructure that had taken decades to build. D. Describe how physical geography and territorial size contributes todevolutionary pressures within a country. The same decentralization that has saved Nigeria thus far has also created many problems: Gold in the north and oil in the south have been the source of conflict since the beginning.